Spiral fracture recovery time

Last UpdatedMarch 5, 2024

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Inflammatory Phase: starts at the time of injury and lasts 1-2 weeks. Over that time the cast can be removed after a period of time and changed to a removable splint. Although a fracture may occur during a hip replacement procedure, the majority of periprosthetic fractures occur: Within a few weeks after the procedure. The management of pediatric femoral shaft fractures can be classified broadly into two groups: first, treatment of closed isolated fractures and second, treatment of open fractures and fractures associated with polytrauma. Oct 10, 2020 · Principles of Management. 2 The absence of fracture site tenderness and radiographic signs of healing guide this, after which progressive patient activity is allowed without immobilization as pain allows. If the fracture is open, debridement and irrigation of the wound Dec 2, 2018 · Fracture characteristics were related to healing time: minimally displaced and comminuted fractures healed faster than oblique fractures, spiral fractures, or transverse fractures (P = . Phalanx Fractures are common hand injuries that involve the proximal, middle or distal phalanx. 2 days ago · However, you can always take precautionary measures to lower your risk of developing a spiral fracture of humerus. The tibia is much thicker than the fibula and is the main weight-bearing bone of the two. Dec 13, 2023 · Radiographs will show excessive bony callus formation without bridging at the fracture site. Diagnosis can be confirmed with plain radiographs of the tibia. A spiral fracture (a. Diagnosis is made with plain radiographs of the foot. If it's a severe fracture, the leg may be an odd shape and the bone may even be poking out of the skin. Nonoperative treatment works well with the aid of ligamentotaxis in most humeral shaft fractures without significant initial displacement. Your doctor will often prescribe medications for pain-relief for a short period of time after the injury or surgery. Treatment can include protected weight bearing, immobilization or surgery depending on location Abstract. Some bones like. May 2, 2024 · Humeral Shaft Fractures are common injuries that can affect the function and stability of the upper extremity. Immobilization often leads to stiffness, decreased range of motion, and weakness. Vertebral fractures are painful. Most humerus fractures are treated using one of the following techniques: Internal fixation —Through the use of pins, metal plates and screws, one or all of these pieces will be affixed to the bone to help reconnect the broken pieces and stabilize them for healing. Metacarpal Fracture Recovery Time. Spiral fracture: Spiral fractures happen when the fracture spirals around the bone. peak incidence between 2nd and 5th decade of life. Figure 2: Complete fractures of the right radius and ulna of an adult dog. Stress fractures may require only rest and immobilization, while other breaks may need surgery for best healing. Weight bearing. Hairline fracture. It’s usually caused by a twisting force. Spiral fractures are usually the result of high energy trauma and are likely to be associated with displacement. Strengthening exercises will then be commenced. Contents Overview Symptoms and Causes Diagnosis and Tests Management and Treatment Prevention Outlook / Prognosis Living With Additional Common Questions. All of the different names and types Oct 16, 2013 · Revision surgery due to hardware complication has been reported at rates of 4. The forearm is made up of two bones, the ulna and the radius. ) Figure 2. This is the most unstable and severe type of tibia fracture. Distal femur fractures most often occur either: In older people whose bones are weak, or. In this type of fracture, the skin is pierced by the broken bone. Infection rates in metacarpal fractures are low. This 5th metatarsal shaft fracture is sometimes called a “Dancer’s Spiral fracture recovery time Spiral fracture femur recovery time. Aug 23, 2023 · An impact during a car crash can also cause an ankle fracture. For adults, surgery is almost always needed. Proximal fractures are breaks in the top part of the humerus. Buckle (impacted) fracture. The incision is typically made behind the elbow. Swelling of the ankle. You have an accident while working with a power saw, drill, or other tools. Jul 31, 2023 · The proximal tibia is triangular in shape with a vast metaphyseal region narrowing distally. (Obtained with permission from George D. Learn about the anatomy, classification, management, and complications of these fractures from Orthobullets, a trusted source of orthopedic education and evidence. For example, you might have a transverse metacarpal fracture or an oblique phalanx fracture. For instance: Maintain a healthy diet. Cuboid fractures are rare and usually associated with complex foot fractures and gently hold an ice pack (or a bag of frozen peas) wrapped in a towel on your ankle for 15 to 20 minutes every 2 to 3 hours. spiral fracture: Oblique fracture. Subsequently, reabsorption occurs of the 1 to 2 mm of bone at the fracture edges that have lost their blood supply. A spiral fracture is a broken bone pattern that wraps around the bone. Figure 3: A comminuted tibial fracture of an adult dog. May 8, 2023 · A fibula fracture involves an injury to the smaller of two bones in your lower leg. Introduction. Mar 7, 2024 · Ankle fractures are very common injuries to the ankle which generally occur due to a twisting mechanism. The bone may or may not be visible in the wound. 855-695-4872 Outside of Maryland. The time needed for healing depends on a variety of factors, including severity of the injury; other conditions, such as diabetes; your age; nutrition; and tobacco and alcohol use. Segmental fracture. Many factors appear to contribute to the development of these fractures including changes in athletic training, specific anatomic features, decreased bone density, and diseases. Be sure to increase your vitamin D intake as well to improve the absorption of calcium. Avulsion fracture. 046). A backslab can be applied. 12 Proximal phalanx fractures will often be clinically healed 4 weeks status post injury, at which time it is unlikely that the fracture will displace. Treatment may be nonoperative or operative depending on the fracture morphology, age of the patient, and associated injuries. Treatment is supportive. A broken leg (leg fracture) will be severely painful and may be swollen or bruised. The skin may be pierced by the bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at the time of the fracture. If you choose to be active, you can cause a lot of problems: Interference with the natural healing time, such as not following the weight-bearing status from the physician, can Jul 11, 2018 · We look at different kinds of fracture repair, the stages of bone healing, and how to speed up recovery time. A forearm fracture can occur in one or both of the forearm bones. Your recovery time will depend on the severity of the Sep 5, 2023 · The metacarpal bones are the long bones in the hand that connect the wrist to the fingers. Sep 15, 2007 · Radiography should be repeated one week after injury to make sure fracture position remains satisfactory, and again four to six weeks after injury to document healing. Fractures will heal typically within three months. For example, a spiral fracture of the tibia (the shinbone) can occur in young children when they fall short on an Sep 29, 2023 · From an orthopaedic surgical perspective this is the typical safe time frame for recovery for an average tibia and fibula fracture. Most of the time, fibula fractures happen near the ankle joint. It is most common in children in the early years of walking – 9 months to 3 years. The most common injury associated with arm wrestling was spiral fractures of the distal part of the humerus. 1st metatarsal most commonly fractured in children less than 4 years old. It’s normal to have aches and discomfort beyond this. Some types of broken hands have Oct 13, 2022 · A Weber A fracture is a common injury which simply refers to a fracture near the end of the fibula bone at the ankle. The bone breaks into several Jan 16, 2024 · Transverse fracture. No reduction is needed. After a metacarpal fracture of the hand, most of the healing happens between 3 to 4 weeks. Fractures are classified into one or more of the following categories: Open (compound) fracture. The vascular anatomy is extensive and dependent on the compartment of muscles it supplies. Total soft tissue complication rates can be as high as 63% of cases, and the cost of treating them can be up to 121% of the original procedure cost. 1,2 Since the likelihood of soft tissue complications increases with treatment duration, coaptation may not be the best treatment when the estimated healing time exceeds 4 to 6 weeks; this may Jan 12, 2024 · This article discusses spiral fractures—affected bone parts, causes of injury, treatment options, and healing time frames. Recovery time for a finger fracture ranges from several weeks to a year. Apr 27, 2022 · A bone can also break because of continuous stress to one area over time. Hold for one second, then return to the starting position. Tenderness to the touch. Fractures of the tibia and fibula are most common in athletes, especially runners, or non-athletes who suddenly increase their activity level. This type of fracture has an angled line across the shaft. [1] Spiral fractures often occur when the body is in motion while one extremity is planted. . A pilon fracture typically occurs as the result of a high-energy event, such as a car collision or Apr 16, 2018 · Weaning from the splint into a buddy strap may be required. Aug 10, 2018 · Spiral fracture. Core tip: The cuboid bone is an essential anatomic element of the midfoot contributing greatly to foot biomechanics. The healing time for ankle fractures can vary depending on the extent of the injury. The fracture line resembles a spiral staircase, which is usually caused by a twisting movement. Generally, a fractured finger occurs as the result of an injury to the hand. Compare with other related topics such as metaphyseal fibrous defects, coaptation splinting, sacral agenesis, and Apr 30, 2024 · April 30, 2024. Age is the main determinant of management for fractures in the first group. The tibia is a larger bone on the inside, and the fibula is a smaller bone on the outside. A twisting injury to the ankle and foot may cause a long oblique fracture of the 5th metatarsal shaft — the bone that attaches the little toe to the midfoot (Figure 1). What to know about spiral fractures. You may have broken another bone in the past. Complications during fracture healing, including delayed union and non-union, can arise as a result of a multitude of patient and treatment factors. Mar 7, 2024 · Pediatric Tibial Shaft Fractures are the third most common long bone fracture in children. There may have been a "crack" sound when the leg was broken, and the shock and pain of breaking your leg may cause A hand fracture is a break in one of the bones in the hand. If the fracture is open or comminuted, healing time may take longer. Some take even longer, especially if the fracture was open or broken into several pieces or if the patients uses tobacco products. This fracture was first described in 1814 by an Irish surgeon and anatomist, Abraham Colles — hence the name Colles fracture. Severe injuries may take as long as 18 months to heal properly. stop any bleeding – put pressure on the wound using a clean cloth or dressing. Crushing injury: Forceful compression or crushing of The average time for bone healing is 8 to 10 weeks, and the complete healing time is 12 to 16 weeks. Figure 1: An incomplete radial fracture in a dog. A pilon fracture is a type of break that occurs at the bottom of the tibia (shinbone) and involves the weight-bearing surface of the ankle joint. The distal femur is the area of the leg just above the knee joint. 8% of humeral shaft fractures, especially spiral fractures of the humerus' distal third. During this injury, the 5th metatarsal is twisted by a strong force resulting in a spiral fracture. The fracture is diagonal or at an angle. This often happens when you try activities you haven’t done for a while. a. Demographics. The natural healing time should be allowed to take its usual course. 3rd metatarsal fractures rarely occur in isolation. Oct 18, 2022 · Spiral fractures happen when a bone is broken from being twisted. Most femoral shaft fractures take 3 to 6 months to completely heal. Hypertrophic union requires surgery to minimize fracture site motion and promote healing. Many doctors encourage leg motion early in the recovery period. 5 cm of the proximal metaphysis. The bone breaks a line encircling the bone, like the stripes on a barber pole. k. While these oblique fractures can be initially stable, over time they can shift, resulting in the bones becoming displaced. Feb 2, 2019 · In this review, an update on diagnosis and management of cuboid fractures is presented. Radial nerve palsy is an associated injury in approximately 11. The "energy" of the injury. An above-knee walking cast for 4 weeks is optional. General considerations. wrap your ankle loosely in a bandage to help support it (if your ankle is not at an odd angle) This does not mean recovery is simple and easy. Open fractures are considered more emergent than closed fractures because of the risks associated with infection. Call your doctor or 911 if you think you may have a medical emergency. The patient’s size and age. In severe cases, the tibia or ligaments are also damaged. Bimalleolar ankle fracture: This second-most common type involves breaks of both the lateral malleolus and of the Sep 24, 2022 · About 152 cases of arm-wrestling injuries were reported in the literature. Undisplaced tibial shaft fracture. Nonoperative treatment. Recovery time depends on Jun 1, 2023 · Depending on what type of fracture you have (and any other injuries you experienced), you’ll probably need a few months to recover from a fractured tibia or fibula. Comminuted fracture. This is called a stress fracture . Apr 28, 2022 · Transverse fracture (straight across the shaft of the bone). Your provider will let you know when it’s safe to use your hand again. It may have been splinted by a strap or plaster cast when it heals. Lateral malleolus fractures can cause several different types of symptoms. Regardless of the type of treatment you receive, your doctor will most likely monitor the bone healing with repeated X-rays. Your knuckle may look a little different after your injury; this is expected. Fractures are classified into one or more of the following categories: Open fracture. Keywords: Cuboid, Fracture, Diagnosis, Treatment, Surgery. Spiral: Fracture spirals around the bone, The average time for bone healing is about 6-8 weeks, but can varies depending upon many factors; Local Factors. The tibia shaft is a long bone that articulates with the talus, fibula and the distal femur. Torsion and bending loads cause the humerus to fail. One of the most common distal radius fractures is a Colles fracture, in which the broken fragment of the radius tilts upward. Jul 1, 2022 · Treatment of a broken leg will vary, depending on the type and location of the break. The amount of growth the child has remaining. torsion fracture) is a bone fracture occurring when torque (a rotating force) is applied along the axis of a bone. Lateral malleolus fractures are characterized by the following signs and symptoms: Immediate severe pain. Mar 24, 2021 · A toddler’s fracture is a non-displaced spiral fracture of the distal two-thirds of the tibial shaft, with an intact fibula, occurring in children generally between the ages of 9 months and three years. Treatment begins with Jan 1, 2022 · Schematic drawing showing the pertinent anatomy of the fifth metatarsal including Zones 1, 2, and 3. While most ankle fractures take at least 6 weeks to heal, it may take longer for any involved ligaments and tendons to heal. The metacarpal bones are the long bones in the hand in between the wrist and the fingers. Treatment is based on which metacarpal is involved, location of the fracture, and the rotation/angulation of the injury. In younger people who have high energy injuries, such as from a high-speed motor vehicle collision. The fracture line encircles the shaft like the stripes on a candy cane. [1] Dec 20, 2023 · 5th Metatarsal Base Fractures are among the most common fractures of the foot and are predisposed to poor healing due to the limited blood supply to the specific areas of the 5th metatarsal base. Treatment can be nonoperative or operative depending on fracture displacement, ankle stability, presence of syndesmotic injury, and patient activity demands. 6–32 % [ 4, 5, 35, 44 ]. Your finger jams while trying to catch a ball. Distal fractures are breaks at the bottom of the humerus. Time for fracture union varies according to patient age: 2–3 weeks for neonates, 4–6 weeks for children, and 8–12 weeks for adolescents. Impacted fracture. Femur fractures are classified depending on: Location of fracture on the bone (top, middle, bottom) Shape of the fractured ends — bones can break in different directions, such as straight across (transverse), angled (oblique), or spiraled (spiral) Whether the edges of the fracture are angled or diplaced A bone fracture is the breaking of a bone in at least one place. Step 1 Immobilise all fractures (depending on the type of fracture the treatment will vary) and check x-rays for healing and alignment at 4,8 and 12 weeks for undisplaced fractures. Aug 2, 2022 · Humerus fractures—breaks in the upper arm bone that connects the shoulder to the elbow—are generally divided into three types based where they occur. A spiral fracture occurs when a significant twisting force is exerted on a long bone, usually causing it to split along its length. Older patients are commonly at a higher risk of experiencing a bone fracture. Ankle deformity. Feb 2, 2017 · The goal of treating closed fractures is to put the bone back in place, control the pain, give the fracture time to heal, prevent complications, and restore normal function. Buckle fracture. Aug 12, 2021 · Finger fractures generally heal very well after treatment, but you may require physical therapy to regain motion. The amount of soft tissue injury present. They pose serious risks because the jagged ends of the bone are challenging to realign due to their uneven surfaces. Some types of fractures are classified by how they happen: Stress fracture. In total, it often takes between 4 and 6 months for a full recovery from a spiral fracture. It is a serious complication that most often requires surgery. Lateral malleolus fracture: This is the most common type of ankle fracture. You usually will not be able to walk on it. The healing process typically takes up to six months, going through four phases: The body starts the May 5, 2021 · On the other hand, the main criticisms of this technique reside in the difficult management of rotational displacement, especially in type B fractures and in the absence of compression at the fracture site in simple oblique and spiral fracture patterns with a theoretical risk of delayed healing[93,95]. When a twisting movement causes a break, there may be a spiral-shaped fracture of the bone. Diagnosis is made with plain radiographs of the ankle. Renal failure negatively affected fracture healing time (P = . The broken ends of the bone line up and are barely out of place. Know the causes, symptoms, treatment and healing time of spiral fractures. Nov 7, 2016 · Recovery time also depends on how bad the fracture is and can take from four to six months to heal. Spiral fractures are complete fractures of long bones that result from a rotational force applied to the bone. This includes: The small bones of the fingers (phalanges) The long bones within the palm (metacarpals) A broken hand can be caused by a fall, crush injury, or twisting injury, or through direct contact in sports. It is a stable injury and most commonly occurs when the sole of your foot turns inwards, overstretching the ligaments on the outside of your ankle and squeezing those on the inside. Impacted fracture: An impacted fracture happens when the ends of the broken bone are driven into each other. Sep 26, 2022 · What is a fracture of the 5 th metacarpal bone? You have a minor fracture (break) at the knuckle between your hand and your little finger. In many cases, a hand fracture will heal well with nonsurgical treatment. Nov 16, 2023 · Transverse fracture. 68% associated with fracture of 2nd or 4th metatarsal. Bleeding around the fracture organizes into a fracture hematoma or clot on the bone ends. What is the recovery process for a tibia fracture? Recovery time for a tibia fracture typically takes 4-6 months to heal completely. Above-knee cast for 4-6 weeks (age and healing-dependent) Patient would benefit from procedural sedation for application of the cast. Keep your body upright without leaning toward either side. Physical therapy is helpful for restoring function after a spiral fracture. In this type of fracture, the bone has broken into three or more pieces. Stable fracture. With this type of injury, the other bone in the lower leg, the fibula, is frequently broken as well. Apr 27, 2018 · Spiral fracture. Blog, Fracture. You can fracture a finger when: You slam your fingers in a door. You should eat calcium-rich foods, such as yogurt, milk, and cheese for bone strength. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is a surgery to stabilize and heal a broken tibia or fibula bone. Bruising. 8 A method of qualifying this is lack of discomfort when direct manual May 29, 2019 · Spiral fracture tibia recovery time. Zone 3: (mid-shaft fracture or dancer’s fracture) Recovery times. 410-955-5000 Maryland. +1-410-502-7683 International. In both the elderly and the young, the breaks may extend into the knee joint and, in some Aug 11, 2022 · Treatment of a broken arm depends on the type of break. Orthopedic surgeons treat most midshaft fractures surgically, placing a metal rod down the shaft of the bone. Spiral fracture. Patients undergoing surgery healed faster than those without surgery (P = . Jun 2, 2022 · Incidence. Stress fractures, common among athletes, may exhibit milder The healing time for a spiral fracture will vary depending on a variety of factors, including the severity of the fracture, the location of the fracture, and the age and overall health of the patient. A periprosthetic hip fracture is a broken bone that occurs around the implants of a total hip replacement. Some fractures are classified by the shape or pattern of the break line: Transverse fracture. In a study, in 23% of the cases, a medial butterfly fragment and radial nerve palsy were both discovered. Never disregard or delay professional medical advice in person because of anything on HealthTap. Spiral fracture (a longer fracture that usually spans a longer segment of the bone). There is often significant time off from work during this healing time after the accident, and our injury lawyers will work to make sure you are fully reimbursed for this. X-rays are checked every few weeks to be sure the fracture is healing properly and the bone ends maintain their alignment. Fracture clinic in 2 weeks with x-ray. Recovery. A Colles fracture occurs when the broken end of the radius tilts upward. Zone 1 involves the tuberosity, Zone 2 the 4–5 intermetatarsal articulation (arrows), and Zone 3 is within 1. A twisting force to the thigh causes this type of fracture. 03 Request an Appointment. Treatment involves immobilization or surgical fixation depending on location, severity and alignment of injury. Initially immobilize the arm in a splint and close to the chest to minimize pain. Apr 4, 2017 · The general process for healing a fibula fracture is immobilization with a splint or cast for several weeks, after which you might get a walking boot to help you walk. Transverse fracture. 5th metatarsal most commonly fractured in adults. Request an Appointment. If you have any questions about treating a hand fracture, or would like to book an appointment, please don’t hesitate to get in touch. Symptoms include pain on the outside of the leg, swelling, and bruising. Pain in the foot might increase over many months before the bone breaks. A toddler’s fracture is a spiral fracture of the tibia without any injury to the fibula (smaller bone in the lower leg Cause. Most tibial shaft fractures take 4 to 6 months to heal completely. While standing on your uninjured leg and keeping your injured leg straight, slowly move the injured leg out to the side. Open (compound) fracture. Most of the femur fractures heal within 3 to 6 months. These fractures commonly happen in the arm or leg. Generally speaking, it takes about three or four weeks for a metacarpal fracture to heal A toddler’s fracture is a common fracture in the tibia bone (large bone in the lower leg) of children usually younger than 6 years old. 5 % [ 9, 32 ]. We can’t easily do this for vertebral fractures. The periosteum remains intact. Description. The anterior tibial artery is the first branch of the popliteal artery, passes between the 2 heads of the tibialis Oct 27, 2017 · Many stable phalanx fractures can be treated nonoperatively through close monitoring until clinical healing is noted. Diagnosis is made by orthogonal radiographs the hand. Oblique fracture (a fracture across the bone at an angle). More complex fractures, or fractures near the knee or ankle, might need plate and screw constructs or other forms of fixation. Oct 21, 2023 · In most cases, the metacarpal fracture heals well and does so over the course of 6 to 8 weeks. Recovery time may be longer for a complete break compared to a partial one and may Sep 23, 2021 · Comminuted fracture: A comminuted fracture means the bone breaks into more than two pieces. The fracture is not displaced, meaning it is in a good position and should heal well if the advice below is followed. Metacarpal Fractures are the most common hand injury and are divided into fractures of the head, neck, or shaft. 048). Jul 28, 2023 · Spiral Fracture is a type of fracture which occurs as a result of a rotational or a twisting injury. healing time for displaced spiral fracture of 4th & 5th metatarsal?: 6wks: Classically, bones take about 6 weeks to heal. 4, 5 Clinical healing Oct 29, 2020 · The recovery from a femur fracture depends on the severity of the fracture. A broken fibula can present various symptoms depending on the fracture’s severity, including sharp pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty bearing weight, a noticeable deformity in severe cases, and limited mobility, especially around the ankle. It was first described in 1964 by Dunbar et al. Mid-shaft fractures occur in the middle of the bone. Inability to bear weight on the injured ankle. Jan 12, 2024 · Although the bone can heal within a couple of weeks, returning to full functioning after a spiral fracture can take much longer. The splinting keeps the fracture still and supported which helps the pain. Oblique fracture. Diagnosis can be confirmed with orthogonal radiographs of the involve digit. It’s also normal for the area to be more sensitive for several months after the injury. But if an open fracture or the bone is broken into pieces or the patient consumes tobacco products, the fracture takes more time to heal. This review describes those factors which contribute to a greater risk of delayed union and non-union with May 29, 2024 · Following a fracture, a hematoma forms which provides the building blocks for healing. How serious is a pilon fracture? An open fracture is rare. 1. Feb 2, 2024 · summary. Sep 18, 2023 · Stand in front of a wall, table, counter, or chair for support. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. When to See the Doctor Jul 11, 2021 · Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data. April 30, 2024. However, with proper management, most spiral fractures will take between 6-8 weeks to heal. Etiology. A 4–6-week period may Most common ankle fractures. Jul 31, 2018 · Because the femur is such a strong bone, a broken femur (excluding hip fractures) is rare. Repetitive stress fractures are also common. It is also known as Torsion Fracture. This type of fracture has a horizontal fracture line. For example, you might have a transverse humerus fracture or a segmental radius fracture. May 6, 2022 · Your healthcare provider will assign your fracture a type or classification depending on how your humerus is broken. Chloros, MD. Medically reviewed by William Morrison, M. Healing time depends on the extent of the injury and your treatment. Feb 23, 2018 · Symptoms and Causes of a Broken Fibula. Epidemiology. Nov 4, 2022 · A stress fracture is a tiny hairline fracture that occurs slowly over time. It is this bone reabsorption that makes fracture lines become radiographically distinct 5 to 10 days after injury. Pediatric tibial shaft fractures are one of the most common Nov 7, 2023 · summary. D. Some take even longer, especially if the fracture was open or broken into several pieces or if the patient uses tobacco products. It is a break of the lateral malleolus, the knobby bump on the outside of the ankle (in the lower portion of the fibula). Healing time for fractures are divided into three phases: 1. A fracture in one of these bones can occur due to various reasons, including: Direct trauma: A direct blow to the hand, such as from a fall or a sports-related impact, can cause a metacarpal fracture. Find a Doctor. Hand and wrist fractures often heal in 4-6 weeks whereas a tibia fracture may take 20 weeks or more. You put out your hand to break a fall. The tibia and fibula are the two long bones located in the lower leg. Open fracture infection rates have been reported between 2–11 % with operative treatment, whereas closed fractures have an infection rate close to 0. Figure 1. ut zl ct sk ad wz lw cn sx pg