Nov 7, 2022 · Founder and managing director of Graphene Manufacturing Group Craig Nicol said the company's graphene aluminium ion battery was a world-leading piece of technology developed by the University of Apr 1, 2015 · UCLA scientists create quick-charging hybrid supercapacitors. The company also realised that the materials could be manufactured using their existing graphene manufacturing capabilities and a worldwide, exclusive licence agreement was Rather than trying to improve existing chemical battery technology, it is pioneering the field of advanced supercapacitors which have the potential to change the future for energy storage forever, particularly in handheld and consumer products. We are Global Leader in the Design, Development and Manufacture of Solid-state Hybrid Graphene Supercapacitors. 5 million agreement for its graphene-based supercapacitors; July - A graphene-enhanced vehicle unveiled in Manchester; July - Dongxu unveils an impressive graphene-enhanced battery; September - New technique creates defect-free graphene directly from graphite; November - Huawei introduces a new graphene-enhanced Oct 14, 2020 · First Graphene Ltd. So if you want to move electricity or heat with high efficiency, it's a promising choice. Mega container based graphene supercapacitor battery. Media: UniQuest, Bronwyn Adams, communications@aibn. In this way, the specific capacitance has been improved from 135 to 2585 F g −1 and the cyclability has been enhanced from a capacitance retention of just over Graphene Supercapacitors are a novel energy storage technology that offers high power density, almost instant recharging and very long lifetimes. Graphene is a one-atom thick sheet of graphite, with atoms arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern, also called "nanocomposite paper". Upgrade to our supercapacitor graphene battery solution and enjoy increased energy efficiency, reduced maintenance costs, and enhanced system responsiveness. Sep 1, 2020 · Screen printing is attractive for supercapacitor research and fabrication due to its simplicity, rapid deposition speeds and scalability. Graphene supercapacitors store almost as much but charge in just 16 seconds. The graphene material can improve the performance of traditional batteries, such as lithium-ion batteries, by increasing the battery's conductivity and allowing for faster charge and discharge cycles. Apr 28, 2021 · And back in 2019, scientists at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) demonstrated a laser printing process that enables graphene supercapacitors to be embedded directly onto textiles, creating a fabric that can store energy and be integrated with a solar cell and used to power smart fabric applications. Advanced Materials , 2020; 2004560 DOI: 10. Moreover, lithium-ion batteries and FCs are superior in terms of high Thus, supercapacitors based on graphene could, in principle, achieve an EDL capacitance as high as ~550 F g−1 if the entire surface area can be fully utilized. 1002/adma. Among the achievements on display were Yadea’s Graphene 3. May 2, 2024 · The company plans to use its technology to create a hybrid battery system that will reduce the cost of solar energy storage. because of its extraordinarily high surface area of up to. LightScribe is a direct-to-disc labelling technology that burns text and graphics onto the surface of a CD or DVD using a laser inside Nov 8, 2010 · A supercapacitor with graphene-based electrodes was found to exhibit a specific energy density of 85. 31 Among them, 3D graphene-based structures are the most studied because they have an intrinsic interconnected pore structure that provides a The effects of temperature on the capacitive properties of the graphene SC are studied using complex capacitance models. , low discharge time: SC: 1–10 s vs. Supercapacitors store energy in a different manner than batteries, which enables them to charge and discharge much more rapidly. offering Mega Watt scale supercapacitor energy storage solutions. uq. e. have completed initial testing of their novel supercapacitor materials in collaboration with WMG a world leading battery test laboratory. The ion-permeable membrane works as a separator, whereas the electrolyte ionically works as a connector. All - ALL - the research you read on graphene are lab experiments which show what might be accomplished if, as, and when, good quality graphene can be affordablty produced in large quantities. Graphene-based materials are widely explored as the active electrode materials for energy storage and conversion devices, especially supercapacitors (SCs). Graphene supercapacitor Battery. In this Review, we discuss the current status of graphene in energy storage, highlight ongoing Ultracapacitors or supercapacitors are an energy storage technology that offers high power density, almost instant charging and discharging, high reliability, extreme temperature tolerance, and lifetimes of more than 1,000,000 charge-discharge cycles. An electrolyte is a substance (usually a liquid) that contained ions. Chemical batteries, such as those based on Li ion technology, store large amounts of Jul 31, 2013 · Now the energy storage industry is starting to take notice, thanks to new Canadian research that shows supercapacitors with electrodes made from hemp-based carbon nanosheets outperform standard supercapacitors by nearly 200%. Graphene batteries have already hit the marketplace. It also has a higher power density, operating at -30C to Feb 12, 2013 · Fabrication of laser-scribed graphene micro-supercapacitors. Interest in supercapacitors is due to their high-energy capacity, storage for a shorter period and longer lifetime Oct 26, 2023 · Graphene supercapacitors represent a revolution in energy storage technology, promising unprecedented levels of power density and longevity. COMPANY PROFILE. Ultra-fast charging and discharging Max charge/discharge rate 10C. This design opens an avenue for a future super-batteries. The working model is that we improve battery efficiency by increasing how much charge each battery. Zoxcell Supernova is a graphene-based energy storage module, a combination of supercapacitor cells with a built-in battery management system (BMS). Graphene offers a new opportunity to boost the performance of energy storage for supercapacitors and batteries. Feb 20, 2020 · This flexible graphene supercapacitor design can store 10 times more energy than comparable existing technology a typical lead-acid battery stores, but while lead-acid batteries charge very Supercapacitor graphene battery advantage:1. Graphene may help What is needed is a better battery. Supercell Labs' innovative Graphene Supercapacitor Battery technology offers a very long life, high depth of discharge, extreme temperature endurance, utmost safety & energy efficiency. 2,630 m g−1. 0 Battery reportedly boasts ultra-low temperature resistance, improved battery We use mixed Li-ion electrolyte technology to increase the energy density of graphene supercapacitors up to 150Wh/kg, which provides better energy storage solutions to replace traditional batteries. Read More. Further work is underway to improve cell performance. Let’s take this bit by bit. Get In Touch. Yadea’s Graphene 3. “This new application of fractal graphene as an electrode material for supercapacitors for the adoption of renewable energy fits our theme of sustainability,” said Ranjith Divigalpitiya, HydroGraph’s chief science Oct 11, 2020 · A supercapacitor is known as a high-capacity capacitor. However, the individual graphene sheets tend to restack due to the van der Waals forces between them, which often cause significant decrease in the electrochemical active surface area as well as the inter-graphene channels accessible to the electrolyte ions. The company has developed an innovative process to produce high quality hybrid graphene supercapacitor cells and modules on a mass scale with advanced production line while ensuring high 01 Dec: Graphene-based supercapacitor materials deliver 85% improvement in energy density levels. Oct 1, 2015 · 8. ScienceDaily . A recent report by leading nanotechnology publication Azo Nano highlights the potential to combine supercapacitors with battery technology to deliver optimised hybrid systems. 8V,4. Initial results show that the materials perform well in supercapacitor cells. , but the lithium-ion type battery is in high demand due Graphene is a novel material which is produced in extremely tiny amounts. Since Stoller described the first graphene supercapacitor in 2008, significant developments have been made during this last decade in the development of new graphene-based electrodes. as a high-tech enterprise of Supercapacitor battery in China, mainly engaged in the R&D, manufacturing, sales and service of Supercapacitor battery. First Graphene were quick to recognise the potential of the technology for the manufacture of high-performing supercapacitor devices. Dec 15, 2017 · The assembled aluminum-graphene battery works well within a wide temperature range of −40 to 120°C with remarkable flexibility bearing 10,000 times of folding, promising for all-climate wearable energy devices. for limitless range of applications. We are working on new solutions that improves energy conversion, storage, transport and efficiency by using carbon as the material of choice. 4. Since 2012, Jolta Battery is serving the automotive, industrial, consumer electronics, telecom and transportation markets. The price of activated carbon has sharply dropped from $150 to $250 per kilogram to $15 per kilogram [24], while graphene currently costs about $160–$10,000 per kilogram. com , +61 415 445 223. The supercapacitor cells and modules represent a huge jump in energy density, allowing our customers to downsize the energy storage, or increase the application lifetime. au, 0405 661 856; GMG, Craig Nicol, craig. 0V; Graphene super capacitor with very big energy density,the modules can replace battery,it is the most stable battery. The supercapacitor believed to be able to replace the use of a battery in the future. The Georgia Tech team approach is to improve the internal structure of graphene Nov 12, 2013 · Conventional batteries take so long to charge that they cannot efficiently store braking energy. As an example, the SCX5000, 3. First, properties, synthesis methods, and possible applications of those carbon-based materials are described. Shanghai SUPRO Energy Tech Co. To tackle these issues May 1, 2022 · Nowadays, the energy storage systems based on lithium-ion batteries, fuel cells (FCs) and super capacitors (SCs) are playing a key role in several applications such as power generation, electric vehicles, computers, house-hold, wireless charging and industrial drives systems. 1. Many have tried. Scale-up of the hybrid graphene materials has been demonstrated at a multi-kilogram level and First Jun 13, 2014 · We demonstrate that this advanced all-graphene-battery is capable of delivering an energy density of 130 Wh kg −1total electrode at a power density of 2,150 W kg −1total electrode. Oct 8, 2020 · The graphene supercapacitor is one of the discoveries that will change the way we work with energy. Today’s batteries boast high charge capacities. These energy density values are comparable to that of the Ni metal hydride battery, but the supercapacitor can be charged or discharged in seconds or minutes Mar 26, 2015 · The resulting 3-D hybrid supercapacitor has an energy density of up to 42 watt-hours per liter, superior to many commercially available supercapacitors and comparable to lead acid batteries, the UQ’s research team was awarded $390,000 over three years to develop the graphene aluminium ion technology from the Australian Research Council’s Linkage Project in 2020. Jun 22, 2020 · The electronic conductivity of graphene-based porous electrodes can be modulated by their ionic charging state in supercapacitors, enabling a new in operando technique to probe the charging Nov 16, 2022 · Excitement subsides: With no new reports on Tesla’s graphene plans, excitement about the 500 mile battery faded. , Ltd. The product offers unmatched safety and performance even in the harshest conditions. The company's CEO was also quoted at the conference: "Currently the cost to manufacture a lithium battery is about $500 (USD) per/ kWh. Inside a battery are two terminals (the anode and the cathode) with an electrolyte between them. In this way, the specific capacitance has been improved from 135 to 2585 F g −1 and the cyclability has been enhanced from a capacitance retention of just over Oct 13, 2023 · MIT researchers have recently developed a groundbreaking supercapacitor made from concrete and carbon black —inexpensive and widely available materials. May 15, 2020 · Mn-Ru oxides deposited on graphene at 100,000x magnification . The dramatic rise of smartphones, tablets, laptops and other personal and portable electronics has brought battery technology to the forefront of electronics research. products widely used in intelligent manufacturing, residential storage, industrial and Commercial energy storage, portable power station, 5G April - Skeleton secures €3. 6 kWh Module. 0V cell offers 16 Wh/l, a 72% increase in energy compared to the SkelCap Jolta Battery is an advanced supercapacitors manufacturer and graphene super capacitor battery innovator with over 12+ years of experience in the design, development, and production of supercapacitors. 0 Battery, which the Company aims to to use to advance its electric two-wheeler technology. Graphene is made from carbon, which is an extremely cheap raw material. Low internal resistance Only 1/3 of traditional batteries. Support fast charging and discharging. Their high electrochemically active surface area, hierarchical porous structure, excellent compressibility, and high mechanical stability, as well as excellent conductivity, are Zoxcell, a product by Jolta Technology DMCC, is an advanced supercapacitors manufacturer and solid-state hybrid graphene supercapacitor battery innovator with over 5 years of experience in the design, development, and production of super capacitors. This device has two electrodes that work with the help of the ion-permeable membrane and an electrolyte ionically. The future for graphene-based supercapacitors. May 24, 2016 · Graphene has now enabled the development of faster and more powerful batteries and supercapacitors. Fast charging &big discharging power. The high surface area of graphene can also Graphene in four dimensional structures (0D to 3D) has been explored as a component for supercapacitors, since the size and morphology of a material have influence on its physical and chemical properties. AGM mainly targets graphene composites, coatings, lubricants, thermal management solutions and energy storage devices. The report stated: Zoxcell provides a solution that will re-invent the technology in energy storage applications. That capacity, always on the increase, is a bit of a one-way street. 48V 5. Advanced energy storage solution enclosed within a standard shipping container. They hold more power and have longer life cycles than existing commercial (lithium-ion) batteries. However, to understand the limits of graphene in supercapacitors, it is important to know the energy density of a fully packaged cell and not just the capacitance of the active material. DOI Here, the most recent advances in flexible energy-storage devices based on graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are described, including flexible supercapacitors and batteries. Oct 31, 2022 · Supercapacitor technology is exciting because it stores more energy than a capacitor and delivers it at a higher rate than a battery. The double-layer effect that the supercapacitor has helps to store The solutions can be standalone (Supercapacitor or Advance Battery), Hybrid Battery/Supercapacitor (External or Internal). Mar 20, 2013 · Georgia Tech Research Corporation is developing a supercapacitor using graphene—a two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms—to substantially store more energy than current technologies. 3. Due to the lightweight dimensions of graphene based supercapacitors and the minimal cost of production coupled with graphene’s elastic properties and inherit mechanical strength, we will almost certainly see technology within the next five to ten years incorporating these supercapacitors. May 21, 2015 · Science and technology | Graphene supercapacitors. Skeleton is developing a novel raw material, curved graphene, [1] to produce solutions for the energy storage market, including high-power supercapacitors and high-energy solid-state This battery uses graphene and aluminum as electrode materials and is generally referred to as a graphene aluminum battery. 3 days ago · AGM is a public company that lists in the UK's AIM stock exchange. A new level of energy storage to the world with solid-state graphene hybrid supercapacitor, which has many benefits over traditional batteries. Graphene as a battery can also be used as a supercapacitor, which can charge and discharge incredibly quickly. Using the advanced qualities of graphene, First Graphene is developing the BEST™ Battery. Additionally, the use of a graphene SC as the primary EES system to store regenerative energy during braking/deceleration modes and as an auxiliary power source (in combination with a battery) to drive EVs is also demonstrated. In addition Aug 21, 2019 · The battery–supercapacitor hybrid (BSH) device has potential applications in energy storage and can be a remedy for low-power batteries and low-energy supercapacitors. Zoxcell provides a solution that will re-invent the technology in energy storage applications. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the usage and benefits of graphene in supercapacitors. All graphene-enhanced batteries have good properties, such as being lightweight, durable, etc. Founded in 1998, we are dedicated in researching and developing new energy storage technology, breaking through energy storage technology, changing future energy landscape, and providing superior graphene energy storage solutions to the world. universities in China and abroad with doctor and NEW STANDARD TECHNOLOGY. Get in Touch. . Sep 16, 2021 · SkelMod 54V 277F module, the next generation of the SkelMod 51V module. The Supercapacitor can be charged and discharged more than 50,000 times, providing an average lifespan three times longer than Li-Ion batteries. Long battery life 10,000-50,000 deep cycles 5. GTCAP graphene supercapacitor battery boasts ultra-low ESR and large current which help to realize fast Aug 28, 2020 · Supercapacitors are increasingly used for energy conversion and storage systems in sustainable nanotechnologies. ,Ltd. Graphite is a conventional electrode utilized in Li-ion-based batteries, yet its specific capacitance of 372 mA h g−1 is not adequate for supercapacitor applications. Apr 5, 2022 · It has high thermal and electrical conductivity. The interface of charge and discharge is integrated. Skeleton Technologies is an energy storage developer and manufacturer for transportation, grid, automotive, and industrial applications. Let’s get to know about the supercapacitor. We recently talked with Graphene Graphene is an atomic-scale honeycomb lattice made of carbon atoms. Furthermore, graphene aluminum-ion batteries offer significant advantages in terms of battery safety Applications. Providing extraordinary projected life of 3 times longer than Recent progress in graphene and its derived hybrid materials for high-performance supercapacitor electrode applications. Apr 10, 2015 · This is claimed by the company to be the largest graphene supercapacitor developed to date and a technology that will in the future compete with, if not potentially replace, the lithium battery. Providing extraordinary projected life of 3 times longer than chemical batteries and 50,000 cycles. Ultracapacitors have been in development for decades, but the biggest development steps have Zoxcell, a product by Jolta Technology DMCC. Beyond low energy density, recent advancements in SCs in terms of electrode materials and Sep 1, 2019 · Besides the micro/nano structure design of electrode materials, assembling supercapacitor-battery hybrid devices (SBHs) is an effective path to combine the advantages of both supercapacitors (rate, cycle life) and advanced batteries (energy density), which also can utilize the different potential windows of the two electrodes to increase the Oct 26, 2023 · Measuring mechanical stresses and strains in graphene-based supercapacitor electrodes. It combines the LIBs and supercapacitors in terms of operating mechanism and performance, and thus bridges the performance gap between the two 29, 30. Graphical abstract. Whether for residential, commercial, or industrial applications, our product sets a new standard in energy storage technology. Feb 28, 2022 · A potential breakthrough for production of superior battery technology. edu. Also May 24, 2016 · graphene has attracted great in terest for super capacitors. Credit: Matter (2023). Graphene, a carbon nanomaterial, is considered to be one of the best materials for supercapicitor electrodes. ly/3xzaugU and use code TWOBIT to get 15% off ClickUp's massive Unlimited Plan for a year! Start reclaiming you Oct 11, 2021 · Germany-based Skeleton Technologies has been on the forefront of graphene-based supercapacitors development for many years, and the company recently made some major announcements, including a large (>â ¬70 million) financing round, the super-battery project and several strategic customers and projects - including ones with Medcom, Skoda, CAF, Wrightbus and Marubeni. Sources show that Tesla batteries, produced by Panasonic (OTC Pink: PCRFF ,TSE The hybrid graphene materials that First Graphene will mass-produce will significantly increase the performance of supercapacitors in a wide range of applications, as well as increasing the available supply of materials for their production. by Raven Wuebker, Texas A&M University College of Engineering. It's very flexible and elastic. We offer significant Skeleton Technologies. Cost [24,104,110–114] Coconut-shell activated carbon is the most used electrode material in the supercapacitor industry. Jiang et al. Graphene also exhibits a high level of hardness and strength. GTEM-48V15kWh-W Power Wall Graphene Supercapacitor battery. Such features make them a perfect energy storage choice for solar systems, off-grid applications, Electric bicycles, Telecom BTS, and EVs such as GTCAP developed 3 kinds of super capacitors,EDLC,hybrid Li-ion super capacitor and graphene super capacitor; EDLC with large burst power,long life and wide temperature performance; Hybrid Li-ion super capacitor is bigger energy density than EDLC,and voltage upto 3. The company has developed an innovative process to produce high quality hybrid graphene supercapacitor cells and modules on a mass scale with advanced production line while ensuring high GTCAP is a graphene battery supplier based in China. They are at the forefront of research into next-generation power solutions, offering exciting potential for industries as diverse as electric vehicles, renewable energy, and consumer electronics. 2. Long life,stable and rarely maintenance bring more benefits to the end user, Wall & ground mounted available, smart management system. Home Product Directory Electrical & Electronics Passive Components Capacitor Since Stoller described the first graphene supercapacitor in 2008, significant developments have been made during this last decade in the development of new graphene-based electrodes. 6 Wh/kg at room temperature and 136 Wh/kg at 80 °C (all based on the total electrode weight), measured at a current density of 1 A/g. Graphene batteries are a type of battery that utilize graphene as a component in the electrodes. battery > 500 h) [34]. They also boast 4X longer life over lithium-ion as well as cooler operating temperatures. Pre-order the Ecoflow Delta Pro starting on December 15th or get up to $650 off for other prod Zoxcell Supernova 48V 3. Active monitoring of the system. It has not replaced the battery yet, but it can become a very decent competitor to compete with battery. sciencedaily. Product Features. High efficiency Charge/discharge efficiency>99%. It's also transparent and can be used to generate electricity from sunlight. Dec 7, 2021 · Revisiting the Supercapacitor - The Wait for Graphene is Over. Sheet lightning Electric cars need better batteries. Jan 4, 2021 · Covalent Graphene‐MOF Hybrids for High‐Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors. Although several studies have investigated electrode materials (particularly for a battery-type anode material) and design for BSHs, the energy density and power density are insufficient (far from the levels required for Nov 1, 2020 · Abstract. Zoxcell battery pack uses intelligent software that provides best power quality for connected devices. Smart action when protection function activated. Graphene has a theoretical specific surface area of 2630 m 2 /g which can theoretically lead to a capacitance of 550 F/g. htm The Green Tech supercapacitor battery system is function modularity design. Carbon black is introduced into the Oct 1, 2018 · In particular, SCs have drawn more attention than batteries because of their fast storage capability (i. Jolta Battery is world's leading Graphene battery manufacturer, delivers significant economic benefits across a wide range of markets including solar energy, automotive, aerospace, heavy industry Graphene Material. -SYSTEM INTEGRATION SUPPORT SPEL with its vast experience and wide ranging expertise in end use integration of Sustainable Energy Storage Solutions for optimized performance, saftey and service life. Our innovative Hybrid Graphene Supercapacitor battery technology is designed for long life, safety, and high depth of discharge. Oct 16, 2016 · Kavanaugh said altering the structure of the graphene had allowed researchers to improve the supercapacitor's energy density, but he didn't elaborate further, calling the technology "unique and Oct 4, 2021 · Electric two-wheeler brand Yadea recently unveiled a number of products and innovations at its New Tech Launching Event, held in Wuxi, China. Prasanta Kumar Sahoo * ab, Niraj Kumar cg, Anirudha Jena d, Sujata Mishra e, Chuan-Pei Lee f, Seul-Yi Lee * g and Soo-Jin Park * g a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan, Deemed to be University, Bhubneswar, 751030, India. The battery has an energy density of 150-160 Wh/kg, and it can be charged extremely fast within 1-5 minutes. The innovation lies in the internal structure of the concrete, which has a high surface area due to a dense, interconnected network of conductive material. Excellent low temperature performance Full working under -30℃. 0KWh Graphene Supercapacitor Battery - Shanghai Green Tech Co. Jan 15, 2023 · Batteries made with graphene can power everything from handheld devices and electric vehicles. lithium ion battery: 10–60 min) and enhanced cyclic stability (SC > 30,000 h vs. 202004560 Cite This Page : With modular design, Jolta Battery is a leading graphene battery manufacturer. Supercapacitors as they are also known, are a novel energy storage technology that offers high power density, almost instant recharging and very long lifetimes. Methods/Statistical analysis: Super-capacitors are barely a new technology. Charge storage device created at California NanoSystems Institute is vast improvement over existing models. 2. [ 188] demonstrated porous graphene/CoS 2 /Ni 3 S 4 composite electrodes with good conductivity, high density of active reaction sites and strong cyclability. Retrieved June 17, 2024 from www. nicol@graphenemg. Continuing test work demonstrates 85% improvement in energy density and a 300% better capacitance than activated carbon cells Independent testing…. This technology leverages the exceptional properties of graphene-based supercapacitors to provide efficient and versatile energy storage in a portable and scalable format. Graphene Super Capacitor Battery Capwall ,A perfect option for house energy storage systems. 0KWh Graphene Supercapacitor Battery, Find Details and Price about Graphene Supercapacitor 48V Graphene capacitor from 48V 5. Based on product type, the graphene battery market is primarily segmented into lithium-ion, lithium-sulfur, graphene supercapacitor, and others such as metal-air, lithium–titanate, lead-acid. Jul 12, 2013 · Now, as PC Advisor reports, it seems that graphene may also be able to function as a supercapacitor. layer Zoxcell, a product by Jolta Technology DMCC. CAT-branded power tools claim graphene battery technology that lets them recharge a 5Ah battery in less than 20 minutes. G6 Materials (TSX: GGG), formerly known as Graphene 3D Lab, focuses on development of high-performance graphene-enhanced materials. com / releases / 2022 / 02 / 220228091138. Graphene battery technology Jan 5, 2024 · Its high-power density and energy density it is being considered a potential candidates as electrodes in supercapacitors, which in themselves are new to the market. Recently, the intrinsic capacitance of single-. Apr 3, 2022 · The big difference is that capacitors store power as an electrostatic field, while batteries use a chemical reaction to store and later release power. The cell voltage and module temperature is detected by BMS. Many have failed Feb 4, 2023 · The Current State of Graphene Battery Technology. Jolta Supercapacitors are now delivering significant economic benefits across a wide range of markets including motorsports, automotive, aerospace, heavy industry Jun 23, 2022 · Graphene Supercapacitors - Go to https://bit. gp xa ll mf xm sm ij uo zg zg